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CORK Bibliography: Alcohol Beverage Industry

110 citations. January 2003 to present

Prepared: March 2010

Anderson P. Global alcohol policy and the alcohol industry. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 22(3): 253-257, 2009. (38 refs.)

Purpose of review: The WHO is preparing its global strategy on alcohol, and, in so doing, has been asked to consult with the alcohol industry on ways it could contribute in reducing the harm done by alcohol. This review asks which is more effective in reducing harm: the regulatory approaches that the industry does not favour; or the educational approaches that it does favour. Recent findings: The current literature overwhelmingly finds that regulatory approaches (including those that manage the price, availability, and marketing of alcohol) reduce the risk of and the experience of alcohol-related harm, whereas educational approaches (including school-based education and public education campaigns) do not, with industry-funded education actually increasing the risk of harm. Summary: The alcohol industry should not be involved in making alcohol policy. Its involvement in implementing policy should be restricted to its role as a producer, distributor, and marketer of alcohol. In particular, the alcohol industry should not be involved in educational programmes, as such involvement could actually lead to an increase in harm.

Anderson P; Drummond C; Hellman M; Rosenqvist P. Introduction to the issue: The alcohol industry and alcohol policy. Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 1-2, 2009. (6 refs.)

[Anon]. World distilled alcoholic beverages market. (commentary). Food Australia 61(5): 157, 2009. (0 refs.)

Babor TF. Alcohol research and the alcoholic beverage industry: Issues, concerns and conflicts of interest. (review). Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 34-47, 2009. (59 refs.)

Using terms of justification such as 'corporate social responsibility' and 'partnerships with the public health community', the alcoholic beverage industry (mainly large producers, trade associations and 'social aspects' organizations) funds a variety of scientific activities that involve or overlap with the work of independent scientists. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the ethical, professional and scientific challenges that have emerged from industry involvement in alcohol science. Source material came from an extensive review of organizational websites, newspaper articles, journal papers, letters to the editor, editorials, books, book chapters and unpublished documents. Industry involvement in alcohol science was identified in seven areas: (i) sponsorship of research funding organizations; (ii) direct financing of university-based scientists and centers; (iii) studies conducted through contract research organizations; (iv) research conducted by trade organizations and social aspects/public relations organizations; (v) efforts to influence public perceptions of research, research findings and alcohol policies; (vi) publication of scientific documents and support of scientific journals; and (vii) sponsorship of scientific conferences and presentations at conferences. While industry involvement in research activities is increasing, it constitutes currently a rather small direct investment in scientific research, one that is unlikely to contribute to alcohol science, lead to scientific breakthroughs or reduce the burden of alcohol-related illness. At best, the scientific activities funded by the alcoholic beverage industry provide financial support and small consulting fees for basic and behavioral scientists engaged in alcohol research; at worst, the industry's scientific activities confuse public discussion of health issues and policy options, raise questions about the objectivity of industry-supported alcohol scientists and provide industry with a convenient way to demonstrate 'corporate responsibility' in its attempts to avoid taxation and regulation.

Babor TF. Towards a common standard for conflict of interest disclosure. (editorial). Addiction 104(11): 1777-1778, 2009. (10 refs.)

Babor T; Miller P; Edwards G. Vested interests, addiction research and public policy. (editorial). Addiction 105(1): 4-5, 2010. (12 refs.)

Bakke O; Endal D. Vested interests in addiction research and policy. Alcohol policies out of context: Drinks industry supplanting government role in alcohol policies in sub-Saharan Africa. Addiction 105(1): 22-28, 2010. (31 refs.)

Background: In this paper, we describe an analysis of alcohol policy initiatives sponsored by alcohol producer SABMiller and the International Center on Alcohol Policies, an alcohol industry-funded organization. In a number of sub-Saharan countries these bodies have promoted a 'partnership' role with governments to design national alcohol policies. Methodology: A comparison was conducted of four draft National Alcohol Policy documents from Lesotho, Malawi, Uganda and Botswana using case study methods. Findings: The comparison indicated that the four drafts are almost identical in wording and structure and that they are likely to originate from the same source. Conclusions: The processes and the draft policy documents reviewed provide insights into the methods, as well as the strategic and political objectives of the multi-national drinks industry. This initiative reflects the industry's preferred version of a national alcohol policy. The industry policy vision ignores, or chooses selectively from, the international evidence base on alcohol prevention developed by independent alcohol researchers and disregards or minimizes a public health approach to alcohol problems. The policies reviewed maintain a narrow focus on the economic benefits from the trade in alcohol. In terms of alcohol problems (and their remediation) the documents focus upon individual drinkers, ignoring effective environmental interventions. The proposed policies serve the industry's interests at the expense of public health by attempting to enshrine 'active participation of all levels of the beverage alcohol industry as a key partner in the policy formulation and implementation process'.

Casswell S. Alcohol industry and alcohol policy -- the challenge ahead. (editorial). Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 3-5, 2009. (35 refs.)

Chikritzhs T. Protecting the integrity of shared scientific knowledge: Is the conflict of interest statement enough? Addiction 105(2): 201-201, 2010. (14 refs.)

Davies JB; Rotgers F. Disclosure in the best interests of science? Or moral crusade? (editorial). Addiction 104(11): 1787-1788, 2009. (7 refs.)

This is a commentary on an article by Groozner et al, (pps 1779-1784) advocating a common stardard for addiction journals in reporting and considering disclosure of conflict of interests.

Fam KS; Waller DS; Yang ZL. Addressing the advertising of controversial products in China: An empirical approach. Journal of Business Ethics 88(Supplement 1): 43-58, 2009. (83 refs.)

China is a country that has undertaken a great transformation since the late 1970's, and among these changes, has seen a massive growth in the advertising industry with the influx of foreign advertisers, and the development of regional and global media, such as satellite television and the Internet. This has resulted in the Chinese people of all ages having a greater opportunity of exposure to different types of advertising, including the advertising of potentially controversial products, which could clash with traditional Chinese values. Using a stakeholder theory approach, this study analyzes the responses of 630 Chinese respondents to discover who is offended by controversial advertisements and determine ways potentially offensive advertising messages can be reduced, thereby assisting marketers in being more socially responsible in their advertising messages.

Gmel G. The good, the bad and the ugly. (editorial). Addiction 105(2): 204-205, 2010. (9 refs.)

This is a commentary on "The alcohol industry and public interest science," by Stenius and Babor

Goozner M; Caplan A; Moreno J; Kramer BS; Babor TF; Husser WC. A common standard for conflict of interest disclosure in addiction journals. Addiction 104(11): 1779-1784, 2009. (27 refs.)

This paper sets forth a common standard for conflict of interest disclosure. This common standard was drafted by the authors, following consultation with a multi-disciplinary group of journal editors, publishers, bioethicists and other academics. It is presented here for the benefit of authors, editorial managers, journal editors and peer reviewers to stimulate discussion and to provide guidance to authors in reporting real, apparent and potential conflicts of interest. It is particularly relevant to addiction specialty journals because of the potential conflicts of interest associated with funding from the alcohol, tobacco, pharmaceutical and gambling industries. Following an appropriate period of vetting the common standard within the scientific community, it is recommended that journal editors adopt journal policies and reporting procedures that are consistent across journals.

Heath DB. Wanted: A broader view of alcohol studies. (editorial). Addiction 105(2): 203-203, 2010. (4 refs.)

This is a commentary on the influence of the beverage industry in research and policy. The author also notes that it is important to also conduct research on alcohol use beyond those with a problem with alcohol use.

Ipeaiyeda AR; Onianwa PC. Impact of brewery effluent on water quality of the Olosun river in Ibadan, Nigeria. Chemistry and Ecology 25(3): 189-204, 2009. (49 refs.)

There has been significant pollution of the Olosun river in Ibadan with untreated brewery effluent. The nature and extent of pollution resulting from effluent discharged into this river has not been fully investigated. This study investigated the impact of such effluents on the water quality of the Olosun river. Sampling points of river water included two upstream locations up to 100 m from the discharge point, the effluent discharge point and six points downstream. The Olosun river was sampled up to about 690 m downstream. Sampling of river water was carried out on a monthly basis between March 2001 to March 2002 and January 2004 to December 2004. The physico-chemical impact on the water quality downstream was indicated by reduced pH and dissolved oxygen. The levels of chloride, nitrate, ammonia, dissolved solids, turbidity and BOD were significantly high, arising from the inflow of brewery effluent. The brewery effluent significantly contributed to the levels of Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb downstream such that they exceeded the freshwater and drinking water criteria. In addition, the overall concentrations of these heavy metals were well above the background concentration obtained at the upstream location. The levels of these indicator parameters responsible for this brewery effluent quality exceeded the effluent guideline for discharge into surface water. Thus, brewery effluent is among the major sources or factors responsible for river water quality deterioration.

Jernigan DH. The global alcohol industry: An overview. (review). Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 6-12, 2009. (40 refs.)

To describe the globalized sector of the alcoholic beverage industry, including its size, principal actors and activities. Market research firms and business journalism are the primary sources for information about the global alcohol industry, and are used to profile the size and membership of the three main industry sectors of beer, distilled spirits and wine. Branded alcoholic beverages are approximately 38% of recorded alcohol consumption world-wide. Producers of these beverages tend to be large multi-national corporations reliant on marketing for their survival. Marketing activities include traditional advertising as well as numerous other activities, such as new product development, product placement and the creation and promotion of social responsibility programs, messages and organizations. The global alcohol industry is highly concentrated and innovative. There is relatively little public health research evaluating the impact of its many marketing activities.

Jones SC; Gregory P; Munro G. Adolescent and young adult perceptions of Australian alcohol advertisements. Journal of Substance Use 14(6): 335-352, 2009. (31 refs.)

There is substantial evidence that children and youth are exposed to and recall alcohol advertising, and increasing evidence of associations between liking alcohol advertisements and under-age drinking. Alcohol advertising in Australia, as in many industrialized countries, is subject to a self-regulatory code developed and administered by the alcohol industry. The purpose of the current study was to investigate young people's perceptions of the messages in recent alcohol advertisements and whether these perceptions support the industry view that self-regulation is effective in protecting young people from inappropriate messages about alcohol. Six print and six television advertisements were selected for the study, and 287 respondents aged 15-24 years viewed two alcohol advertisements (one print and one television) and completed a questionnaire immediately after viewing each advertisement. The respondents perceived messages in the advertisements regarding several social benefits of consuming alcohol, including that the advertised product would make them more sociable and outgoing, help them have a great time, help them fit in, help them feel more confident, help them feel less nervous, and help them succeed with the opposite sex. All of these messages transgress the terms of the self-regulatory code for alcohol advertising. There was also a strong association between emotional responses to the advertisements and stated intentions to try the advertised products.

Jones SC; Gregory P. The impact of more visible standard drink labelling on youth alcohol consumption: Helping young people drink (ir)responsibly? Drug and Alcohol Review 28(3): 230-234, 2009. (20 refs.)

Introduction and Aims. In response to increasing concerns about excessive drinking among young people the Australian alcohol industry announced that it will introduce more visible standard drink labels. This study sought to examine whether young people use this information in a way that decreases, or increases, alcohol-related harms. Design and Methods. Six focus groups with students enrolled in an undergraduate university course in a large regional city in New South Wales, recruited by direct approach on the university grounds and via an online message posted on the university bulletin board. Results: The majority of the participants reported that they are aware of the existence of standard drink labelling; notice standard drink labels; and take these into account when choosing what to purchase. However, this was predominantly to help them choose the strongest drinks for the lowest cost. Discussion and Conclusions. This study provides initial evidence to support the view that standard drink labelling, in isolation of other modifications to product packaging and marketing, is likely to serve to further increase heavy drinking among young people.

Kypri K; Walsh RA; Sanson-Fisher RW. Australian universities' open door policies on alcohol industry research funding. (letter). Addiction 104(10): 1765-1767, 2009. (11 refs.)

Lachenmeier DW; Rehm J. Unrecorded alcohol: A threat to public health? (editorial). Addiction 104(6): 875-877, 2009. (20 refs.)

Miller P; Kypri K. Why we will not accept funding from Drinkwise. (editorial). Drug and Alcohol Review 28(3): 324-326, 2009. (14 refs.)

Obot IS. Disclosing conflicts of interest: Common standards in uncommon contexts. (editorial). Addiction 104(11): 1786-1787, 2009. (5 refs.)

Rasco ET. A comparative assessment of indigenous vodka production from fermented nipa sap in Camarines Norte and Butuan City, Philippines. Asia Life Sciences 19(1): 169-182, 2010. (11 refs.)

Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.), a mangrove palm found in many coastal areas of the Philippines, is known to be 3-4 times more productive than sugar cane in producing alcohol. However, the level of its current utilization for this purpose is very low and confined to a few isolated places. The main product using a highly variable traditional technology is "nipa vodka", a clear alcoholic drink with 30-40% alcohol. Nipa vodka is obtained from distillation of fermented sap collected from the cut stalk of semi-mature fruit heads. The paper describes and comparatively analyzes the traditional practices used by nipa vodka producers in Vinzons, Camarines Norte and Butuan City. The main differences between the techniques used in the locations studied are: (a) sap collection in Butuan City uses close bamboo tubes that are less exposed to the environment; in Vinzons, bamboo tubes are open at the top; (b) the distillation set-up in Vinzons uses a condenser that is cooled by a continuously flowing water; in Butuan City, the condenser is cooled by water that is replaced in batches as it warms; (c) heat loss is better controlled in Butuan City because of the use of a wooden distilling column and an enclosed furnace. Recommendations are offered to improve the quality of the toddy, reduce vapor and heat losses during distillation, improve the recovery of alcohol and develop a set of good manufacturing practices for vodka production.

Sass J. Supporting the need for rigorous enforceable disclosure policies for scientific journals. (editorial). Addiction 104(11): 1788-1789, 2009. (11 refs.)

Smith RC; Geller ES. Marketing and alcohol-related traffic fatalities: Impact of alcohol advertising targeting minors. Journal of Safety Research 40(5): 359-364, 2009. (35 refs.)

Problem: Alcohol-related youth traffic fatalities continue as a major public-health concern. While state and federal laws can be useful in tackling this problem, the efficacy of many laws has not been empirically demonstrated. We examined the impact of state laws prohibiting alcohol advertising to target minors. Method: Using statistics obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), youth alcohol-related, single-vehicle, driver traffic fatalities were compared by state as a function of whether the state has a law prohibiting alcohol advertising that targets minors. Results: Overall, states possessing this law experienced 32.9% fewer of the above specified traffic fatalities. Discussion and Impact on Industry: The results suggest that not only are youth drinking rates affected by alcohol advertisements targeting youth, but also drink-driving behaviors. Indeed, we estimate that if this type of legislation were adopted in the 26 states that do not prohibit targeting of minors with alcohol advertising, then 400 youth lives could be saved annually.

Stanley F; Daube M. Should industry care for children? Public health advocacy and law in Australia. Public Health 123(3): 283-286, 2009. (12 refs.)

This paper uses examples to illustrate the challenges to health and law professionals interested in public health interventions to reduce the negative impact of companies making money by selling products that put Children and Young people at risk. Examples included are folate to prevent neural tube defects, with issues around the food industry attempting to block mandatory fortification Of flour With folate; fetal alcohol syndrome and hazardous drinking in young people, with a focus on the actions of the alcohol industry including vendors: smoking and the ways in which the tobacco industry still target children: and childhood obesity, with problems again from the food and drink industries including vendors.

Stenius K; Babor TF. The alcohol industry and public interest science. Addiction 105(2): 191-198, 2010. (38 refs.)

Aims: This report argues that the growing involvement of the alcohol industry in scientific research needs to be acknowledged and addressed. It suggests a set of principles to guide ethical decision-making in the future. Methods: We review relevant issues with regard to relationships between the alcohol industry and the international academic community, especially alcohol research scientists. The guiding principles proposed are modelled after expert committee statements, and describe the responsibilities of governmental agencies, the alcohol industry, journal editors and the academic community. These are followed by recommendations designed to inform individuals and institutions about current 'best practices' that are consistent with the principles. Findings and conclusions: Growing evidence from the tobacco, pharmaceutical and medical fields suggests that financial interests of researchers may compromise their professional judgement and lead to research results that are biased in favour of commercial interests. It is recommended that the integrity of alcohol science is best served if all financial relationships with the alcoholic beverage industry are avoided. In cases where research funding, consulting, writing assignments and other activities are initiated, institutions, individuals and the alcoholic beverage industry itself are urged to follow appropriate guidelines that will increase the transparency and ethicality of such relationships.

Sugarman S. No more business as usual: Enticing companies to sharply lower the public health costs of the products they sell. Public Health 123(3): 275-279, 2009. (22 refs.)

Cigarettes, alcohol, junk food and motor vehicles cause a staggeringly high level of death, injury and disease. Business leaders from the industries that make these products currently try to frame these negative outcomes as 'collateral damage' that is someone else's problem. That framing is not only morally objectionable, but also overlooks the possibility that, with proper prodding, industry could substantially mitigate these public health disasters. A promising regulatory tool called 'performance-based regulation' is a new approach to combating the problem. Simply put, performance-based regulation would impose a legal obligation on manufacturers to reduce their negative social costs. Rather than suing the firms for damages, or telling them how they should run their businesses differently (as typical 'command and control' regimes do), performance-based regulation allows the firms to determine how best to decrease today's negative public health consequences. Like other public health strategies, performance-based regulation shifts the focus away from individual consumers on to those who are far more likely to achieve real public health gains. Analogous to a tax on causing harm that exceeds a threshold level, performance-based regulation seeks to harness private initiative in pursuit of the public good.

Sung YJ; de Gregorio F; Jung JH. Non-student consumer attitudes towards product placement: Implications for public policy and advertisers. International Journal of Advertising 28(2): 257-285, 2009. (70 refs.)

Over the years, the practice of placing branded products within films has gained popularity worldwide. Concomitantly with its popularity have come increasing concerns over its effects on public well-being among various groups. By surveying a US sample of 3,340 non-students, the current study provides a more accurate picture of attitudes towards product placement in films. Findings suggest that non-students are more neutral towards the practice than students, and that consumers are positively disposed towards product placement, value the realism that placement brings, and do not perceive the practice as unethical or misleading. Results also indicate a diverse pattern of differences in perception across demographic groups, little perceived need for governmental regulation of product placement and that the only situation for which consumers would desire regulation is for the placement of ethically charged products having a significant proportion of non-adult audience members. Implications for advertisers and policy-makers are discussed.

West R. Conflict of interest declarations: Could a 'traffic light' system work? (commentary). Addiction 104(11): 1785-1786, 2009. (1 refs.)

This commentary is a response to a an article by Goozer et al in this issus proposing a common standard for addiction journals in respect to conflict of interest disclosure. While noting that many of the suggestions are valuable, it is noted that some might be seen as creating an unncessary and unacceptable burden. The "traffic signal" metaphon is used to indicate potential sources of bias. Simply by way of example, the following are seen as "red" indicators, although journals might differ in how each chooses to respond, be it disclosure or a decision not to publish: 1 Any receipt of funds (e.g. through employment, shares, fees, research grants) within the past 5 years from an interested party (IP). An IP is a company/industry with any financial interest in the topic of study (TOS), or an organization acting as an agent for such a company/industry in any capacity (e.g. lobbying, 'watchdog', media relations, distributing research funds); 2 Any strong religious beliefs or values directly relating to the TOS; 3 Ownership of patents, copyrights or businesses relating to the TOS, the financial gain from which could be influenced by the conclusions drawn; and 4 Grievance against, family tie with, close friendship with or close working relationship with one or more individuals who have a direct personal interest in the TOS (e.g. author of a paper being reviewed)

Zeigler DW. The alcohol industry and trade agreements: A preliminary assessment. (review). Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 13-26, 2009. (102 refs.)

To review trade agreements, their relation to alcohol control policy and examine the role of the alcohol industry in supporting and attempting to influence trade policy. Review of peer review, public health advocacy literature (both pro and con on free trade), business, press and government documents on trade agreements, assess current and potential challenges by trade agreements to alcohol control policy and investigate the means and extent of industry influence in trade agreements. 'Free' trade agreements reduce trade barriers, increase competition, lower prices and promote alcohol consumption. However, international treaties, negotiated by free trade experts in close consultation with corporate lobbyists and without significant, if any, public health input, governments and corporations contain significant provisions that will result in increased alcohol consumption and may challenge public health measures of other nations as constraints on trade. Conversely, alcohol control measures seek to reduce access and consumption, raise prices and restrict advertising and product promotion. The prospect is for increased alcohol consumption and concomitant problems throughout the world. Trade agreements challenge effective alcohol control policies. The alcohol industry seeks to influence agreements and can be expected to work through trade agreements to reduce tariffs, increase market access and seek to restrict effective domestic regulations. Further research is needed on the impact of trade agreements and the ongoing role of the industry. Advocates must recognize the inherent conflicts between unbridled free trade and public health, work to exclude alcohol from trade agreements, counter industry influence and protect alcohol control policies.

Adams PJ. Assessing whether to receive funding support from tobacco, alcohol, gambling and other dangerous consumption industries. Addiction 102(7): 1027-1033, 2007. (29 refs.)

Aim: To examine the risks taken by health, research and community organizations when they opt to receive funding from dangerous consumption industries and to identify ways in which they might generate their own assessment of these risks. Methods Common risks associated with industry involvements are examined, along with potential barriers to self- reflection. Results: Funds derived from tobacco, alcohol, gambling and other dangerous consumptions are accessed increasingly by public good organizations. The variety of risks these involvements incur place individuals and organizations somewhere along a continuum of moral jeopardy, stretching from those with minor involvements to those with unmanageable conflicts of interest. The concept of a 'continuum' is preferable to a 'binary' interpretation in that the latter tends to lock understandings into all-or-nothing positions, thereby discouraging reflection and discussion regarding ethical and moral issues. Active scrutiny of these risks can be assisted through strategies that promote ongoing self-assessment. This is illustrated in the application of criteria that help breakdown risks and provide guidance in deciding on the extent of involvement with industry funding. Conclusion: The paper finishes with practical examples of educational and assessment strategies that could assist in reducing moral jeopardy.

Adams PJ. Trusting researchers to police themselves. Addiction 102(7): 1039-1040, 2007. (30 refs.)

Aim: To examine the risks taken by health, research and community organizations when they opt to receive funding from dangerous consumption industries and to identify ways in which they might generate their own assessment of these risks. Methods: Common risks associated with industry involvements are examined, along with potential barriers to self-reflection. Results: Funds derived from tobacco, alcohol, gambling and other dangerous consumptions are accessed increasingly by public good organizations. The variety of risks these involvements incur place individuals and organizations somewhere along a continuum of moral jeopardy, stretching from those with minor involvements to those with unmanageable conflicts of interest. The concept of a 'continuum' is preferable to a 'binary' interpretation in that the latter tends to lock understandings into all-or-nothing positions, thereby discouraging reflection and discussion regarding ethical and moral issues. Active scrutiny of these risks can be assisted through strategies that promote ongoing self-assessment. This is illustrated in the application of criteria that help breakdown risks and provide guidance in deciding on the extent of involvement with industry funding. Conclusion: The paper finishes with practical examples of educational and assessment strategies that could assist in reducing moral jeopardy.

Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand. Submission to the Liquor Advertising Review 2003. Wellington New Zealand: Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand, 2003. (16 refs.)

This document provides ALAC's comments on the issue of liquor advertising on radio and television and includes discussion on the related area of sponsorship. It concludes with the following recommendations: (1) there should be no further liberalisation of broadcast advertising of alcohol given emerging evidence of a link between alcohol advertising and drinking culture in a country; (2) there should be a rationalisation of the current self-regulation codes for broadcasting to include all liquor advertising and to strengthen the regulatory focus on "new" media. This approach would enable a greater degree of focus on all media and all forms of advertising, for example sponsorship, that has the greatest influence on young people and the culture of drinking in New Zealand (3) the naming, packaging and marketing of alcoholic products should be included in a cross-industry regulatory approach to promotion marketing and advertising. (4) In terms of research, research that focuses on behaviour change modelling, cognitive development, social influences, self image and the psychological factors that contribute to alcohol use and the link, if any with alcohol advertising; and this research must include the impact of alcohol advertising on Maori and other groups in New Zealand society. (5) In terms of low alcohol products, the ALAC considers it too soon to support any recommendation that supports advertisements for low alcohol beer being able to emphasise the lower alcohol content. (6) In terms of the 9:00 watershed, the ALAC does not believe there are sufficient reasons to justify changing the 9.00pm watershed to an 8.30pm, or allow liquor advertisements during the news, live sport and in certain circumstances between noon and 3pm weekdays; and the watershed for alcohol advertising on television should be 9.30pm. (7) Programme sponsorship must be included in the regulatory framework dealing with alcohol advertising. (8) Heroes of the young. The ALAC does not support any move to allow heroes of the young to be used in liquor advertisements advocating moderate drinking. Inclusion of such people in any liquor advertising has the potential to further entrench alcohol as a normative part of society. (8) Moderation messages. There should be an increase in moderation messages via the broadcast media in order to offset the existing imbalance between the advertising of alcohol and public health messages promoting moderation where currently, exposure of brands through sponsorship is not a consideration. (9) With regard to the current Promotion of Liquor Programme Code, we make the following observations: ALAC believes broadcasters are overly concerned about the impact of the current Promotion of Liquor Programme Code. We find it difficult to believe that documentary style programmes about hop farms, vineyards or beer, wine and spirit production could be viewed as promoting the consumption of alcohol. ALAC has the same opinion in relation to broadcasters apparent diffidence in filming sporting events, sports people and sports officials because of the need to avoid showing signs promoting liquor, hats and other promotion material including uniforms. We believe broadcasters are overstating the case as far as broadcasting of some overseas programmes is concerned, many local programmes also feature liquor consumption as part of the story line - these do not appear to concern broadcasters and ALAC again believes that broadcasters are overstating the case. We suggest that this could be addressed as part of the work in rationalising the regulation of all alcohol advertising and sponsorship.

Public Domain

Anderson P. Consulting with the alcohol industry. (editorial). Drug and Alcohol Review 27(5): 463-465, 2008. (20 refs.)

Anderson P. The beverage alcohol industry's social aspects organizations: A public health warning. Addiction 99(11): 1376, 2004. (3 refs.)

Over the last 20 years the beverage alcohol industry has set up and funded social aspects organizations to manage issues that may be detrimental to its business. Social aspects organizations operate at the global level, the European level and at the country level, in high, middle and low income countries. They aim to manage issues by attempting to influence the alcohol policies of national and international governmental organizations; becoming members of relevant non-alcohol specific organizations and committees to broaden policy influence and respectability; recruiting scientists, hosting conferences and promoting high profile publications; creating social aspects organizations in emerging markets and low income countries; and preparing and promoting consensus statements and codes of practice. Social aspects organizations hold five main viewpoints which on inspection confirm their overall aim, which is to benefit the beverage alcohol industry, rather than to benefit public health or the public good [3]. They view that: 1.) addressing patterns of drinking rather than volume of alcohol consumption is the best basis for alcohol policies; 2.) responsible drinking can be learned and that this should be the cornerstone of alcohol policy; 3.) they have an equal place at the policy table, even though the evidence that they bring to the table is not impartial; 4.) the marketing of alcoholic beverages should be self-regulated even though the industry blatantly, consistently and extensively breaks its own codes; and 5.) alcohol, despite its potential for 'abuse', confers a net benefit to society. In relating to the beverage alcohol industry, Eurocare has made the following recommendations: 1. Governments need to implement evidence based policies to reduce the harm done by alcohol, with such policies formulated by public health interests, recognizing that the viewpoints of social aspects organizations are not impartial; 2. Governmental organizations should be concerned at spending public money on programmes put forward by the social aspects organizations, since such programmes lack evidence of effectiveness; 3. A proportion of alcohol taxes, hypothecated for the purpose, should be used to fund relevant independent non-governmental organizations to implement evidence based campaigns to reduce the harm done by alcohol; 4. Governments should support non-governmental organizations that are independent of the beverage alcohol industry; 5. Independent non-governmental organizations that have a specific role with regard to safeguarding effective alcohol policy should inform and mobilize civil society with respect to alcohol-related problems, lobby for implementation of effective policy at government level, and expose any harmful actions of the beverage alcohol industry; 6 In discharging their role, non-governmental organizations mentioned in point 5 above should remain completely independent of social aspects organizations; 7. All independent scientists that are paid by or undertake work for social aspects organizations and the beverage alcohol industry should state their declarations of interest in their scientific publications; 8. Research scientists in high income countries should consider their ethical responsibility not to profit from or contribute the beverage alcohol industry's actions in low income countries; and 9. Greater vigilance and monitoring of beverage alcohol industry behaviour is needed.

Anderson P; Drummond C; Hellman M; Rosenqvist P. Introduction to the issue: The alcohol industry and alcohol policy. Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 1-2, 2009. (6 refs.)

Austin EW; Hust SJT. Targeting adolescents? The content and frequency of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverage ads in magazine and video formats: November 1999-April 2000. Journal of Health Communication 10(8): 769-785, 2005. (24 refs.)

This study compared alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverage advertising to which adolescents are exposed. A census of beverage advertising (N = 757) in popular magazines and television during November 1999-April 2000 was analyzed. Most alcohol ads appeared in Sports Illustrated (110), Rolling Stone (98), and Playboy (75) and outnumbered nonalcoholic beverage advertising by 3 to 1. Alcohol was almost never associated with dining. Alcohol ads emphasized sexual and social stereotypes and lacked diversity. One of every 6 magazine alcohol ads, and 1 of every 14 video-based ads, appeared to target teenagers. Many similarities existed between alcohol and nonalcohol ads. We conclude that alcohol is advertised heavily to youth through placement and appeals. The fact that themes in alcohol ads frequently parallel those in nonalcoholic beverage ads may further increase youths' receptivity.

Babor TF. Alcohol research and the alcoholic beverage industry: Issues, concerns and conflicts of interest. (review). Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 34-47, 2009. (59 refs.)

Babor TF; McGovern TF. Minimizing moral jeopardy -- Perils of the slippery slope. Addiction 102(7): 1037-1038, 2007. (2 refs.)

This is a commentary on the article in this issue by Adams, "Assessing whether to receive funding support from tobacco, alcohol, gambling and other dangerous consumption industries." The authors here raise questions about the role of institutions in promoting its members to pursue research funding from these sources.

Balestrini P; Gamble P. Country-of-origin effects on Chinese wine consumers. British Food Journal 108(5): 396-412, 2006. (69 refs.)

Purpose: The paper seeks to examine Chinese consumers' wine-purchasing behaviour and, more especially, the importance of country of origin (COO) effects in the evaluation and assessment of wine quality and as it relates to decision making for wine purchases. Design/methodology/approach - The data for this study were collected in 2004 through an interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire targeted at randomly selected wine buyers in the ChangNing district of Shanghai (China). Chinese consumers tend to purchase wine primarily for sensorial reasons, consuming it on social occasions. Wine has never acquired the connotations of being merely a thirst-quenching drink as it did in some European countries. They are also attracted to wine for its health benefits. Findings - It was found that Chinese consumers are more likely to use extrinsic cues than intrinsic cues to evaluate wine quality. Thus, COO information is a significantly more important cue than price for Chinese consumers as a quality cue. However, there appears to be no significant difference in the importance of COO and brand in this regard. Wine is a complex product - small differences in any one of a huge range of variables, from the weather, through the grape, the production method, the storage and even the bottling can affect quality. As might be expected in a market that is relatively under-developed and which has a smaller experience of wine drinking than some other parts of the world, Chinese consumers pay much more attention to COO when they purchase wine for special occasions, where their choice is exposed to the judgment of others. By contrast, when purchasing wine for their own private consumption, COO assumes a lesser importance. Originality/value - This research can significantly help wine marketers to develop more effective positioning strategies in China. It will also help in the development of pricing and promotional decisions.

Batra A. Funding support -- Cui Bono? Addiction 102(7): 1035-1035, 2007. (4 refs.)

This is a commentary on the article by Adams in this issue that addresses the potential peril of accempting funding from tobaco, alcohol, gambling and other dangerous consumption industries.

Beaglehole R; Yach D. Globalisation and the prevention and control of non-communicable disease: The neglected chronic diseases of adults. Lancet 362(9387): 903-908, 2003. (57 refs.)

The growing global burden of non-communicable diseases in poor countries and poor populations has been neglected by policy makers, major multilateral and bilateral aid donors, and academics. Despite strong evidence for the magnitude of this burden, the preventability of its causes, and the threat it poses to already strained health care systems, national and global actions have been inadequate. Globalisation is an important determinant of non-communicable disease epidemics since it has direct effects on risks to populations and indirect effects on national economies and health systems. The globalisation of the production and marketing campaigns of the tobacco and alcohol industries exemplify the challenges to policy makers and public health practitioners. A full range of policy responses is required from government and non-governmental agencies; unfortunately the capacity and resources for this response are insufficient, and governments need to respond appropriately. The progress made in controlling the tobacco industry is a modest cause for optimism.

Buhringer G. Don't cover up distinct responsibilities, but co-operate on the action level under certain conditions. Addiction 99(11): 1379-1380, 2004. (5 refs.)

Australia is far away from Germany, and public health issues there are not familiara to the author. However, the co-operation of the Australian drinks industry and an addiction agency (Alcohol and Drug Foundation-Queensland - ADFQ) within a newly formed Alcohol Education Australia Ltd (AEA) indeed raises fundamental issues. It is important for the two 'stakeholders' to remain cognizant of their responsibilities: 1.) addiction agencies like ADFQ should promote a public-health based alcohol policy to prevent and reduce alcohol related harm, mobilise society and lobby for the implementation of effective actions at parliamental and governmental level. 2.) Primarily, responsibility of the beverage alcohol industry is to guarantee or improve shareholder value. They also have a product liability for their beverages, which includes the obligation, among others, to inform customers about possible risks of their products, to protect minors and to avoid such marketing strategies including advertising, which bear the risk to increase harmful consequences for customers. With these conflicting responsibilities in mind, an alcohol agency like ADFQ should never engage in actions to advise the alcohol industry how to win a licence for the marketing of a new alcoholic product like in the Moo Joose case. [Note: This reflects an epidsode in Australia in which there were efforts to market an alcoholic milk, and an alcohol/drug agency helped in preparation of the licensing application.

Caetano R. About smoke and mirrors: the alcohol industry and the promotion of science. (review). Addiction 103(2): 175-178, 2008. (19 refs.)

This editorial was prompted by the publication of "Drinking in Context: Patterns, Interventions, and Partnerships", a book emerging from a collaboration between four organizations: the International Harm Reduction Association, the World Federation for Mental Health, the International Center for Alcohol Policies (ICAP) and the Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur les Boissons. This commentary raises questions about the ethical underpinnings of this work. Two of the collaborating organizations are sponsored by the alcohol industry. Of major concern is the absense of clear statement as to the role of the various authors, and the failure to define contributions in a manner consistent with academia. The influence of the beverage industry is further suspected given the book's strongly favoring individual interventions rather than targeting societal level efforts (e.g. such as tax policy availability.) The commentary concludes that "the book appears to be an attempt to take focus away from effective alcohol control population-level policies by supporting policies that are focused in special subpopulation groups (e.g. hard core drinkers) or that are directed to the larger population but are ineffective. The establishment of an international collaboration between industry, non-governmental organizations, policy makers and scientists appears to be a ruse to achieve this aim. The dichotomy between alcohol control policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and other types of interventions focused upon selected population subgroups does not exist, and is not advocated by public health professionals. These policies are complementary."

Caetano R; Laranjeira R. A 'perfect storm' in developing countries: Economic growth and the alcohol industry. (editorial). Addiction 101(2): 149-152, 2006. (13 refs.)

Casswell S. Alcohol industry and alcohol policy -- the challenge ahead. (editorial). Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 3-5, 2009. (35 refs.)

Caswell S. Industry influences: More case studies needed. Addiction 99(11): 1378, 2004. (7 refs.)

Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth. Drops in the Bucket: Alcohol Industry "Responsibility" Advertising on Television in. Washington DC: Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, Georgetown University, 2003. (15 refs.)

Alcohol abuse is the leading drug problem among America's youth. Youth alcohol-related motor vehicle deaths have risen in the past two years, despite a decline in the number of young people reporting drinking. Alcohol continues to be closely associated with the three leading killers of kids: motor vehicle crashes and other unintentional injuries, suicides and homicides. Efforts to have alcohol included in the federal "drug czar's" anti-drug campaign have been defeated twice in Congress, although the federal anti-drug campaign has included some alcohol Public Service Announcements (PSAs) developed by other organizations in its "match" with networks, that is, in time slots donated by the networks. By default, therefore, alcohol companies have become the primary source of educational messages about alcohol abuse on television. Following on its recent reports on alcohol advertising in national magazines and on television, the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) commissioned Virtual Media Resources (VMR), a media planning and research firm in Natick, Massachusetts, to analyze the alcohol industry's televised "responsibility" ads in 2001, using the same standard data sources and methodologies employed by media planning and buying professionals. While many alcohol ads include brief or small voluntary warnings (which research has found to be ineffective), 6 "responsibility ads" for the purposes of this report had to have as their primary focus a clear, unambiguous message about drinking responsibly, not drinking and driving, or discouraging underage drinking. The alcohol industry placed 208,909 commercials promoting alcoholic beverages on television in 2001, compared to 2,379 responsibility ads. In auditing these ads, the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth finds the following: (1.) All told, alcohol companies placed more than 87 product promotion commercials in 2001 for every ad about not driving after drinking or not drinking before age 21. Spending on responsibility advertising accounted for less than 3% of the industry's television advertising budget. (2.) Alcohol companies placed 172 product promotion commercials on television in 2001 for every drinking and driving awareness ad. More than twice as many adults7 were exposed to these drinking and driving awareness ads as youth. (3.) Alcohol companies placed 179 product promotion commercials on television in 2001 for every legal drinking age ad, and again more than twice as many adults were exposed to these ads discouraging underage drinking as youth. In 2001, the alcohol industry spent a total of $811.2 million on measured television advertising for products, $23.2 million on responsibility TV advertising (ads about not drinking and driving and about the legal drinking age), and $13.4 million on other corporate, community and civic TV advertising. Responsibility TV advertising represented 2.7% of expenditures and 1% of ad placements in 2001.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Jernigan DH; OstrollJ; Ross CS; Naimi TS; Brewer RD. Youth exposure to alcohol advertising on radio -- United States, June-August 2004. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55(34): 937-940, 2006. (10 refs.)

In the United State more underage youth drink alcohol than somke tobacco or use illit drugs. Recent studies have emphasized the contribution of alcohol marketing to underage drinking and demonstrated that a substantial portion of alcohol advertising appears in media for thwich the audience is young-oreinted, composed of those age 12-20. This report provides the results of a study that examined the placement of individual radio advertisement for the most advertised U.S. alcohol brands, and the compostion of the auidences in the largest 104 markets in the United States. Programs were grouped according to three levels of youth audience compostion, when the youth listeners represented more than 15% of all listerners, when the proportion of youth listerners exceeds their percentage in the general population. The third level was where the youth market exceeded 30% of the audience, the cut-off point at which the beverage industry has agreed not to advertise. Among the findings were that of all the advertisement, 49% were placed on programming for which the local audience was disproportionately composed of underage youth. In the 15 largest markets, 48% of the advertisement were on programs with disproportionately larege youth audiences, ranging from 24% to 76%. There were differences by brand. Half of the brands approximately half of all the youth exposures were in programs with over the 30% thresholds.

Public Domain

Cook CCH. Conflicts of interest and the common good in alcohol policy and research. (letter). Addiction 100(10): 1555-1556, 2005. (11 refs.)

Cooke E; Hastings G; Wheeler C; Eadie D; Moskalewicz J; Dabrowska K. Marketing of alcohol to young people: A comparison of the UK and Poland. European Addiction Research 10(1): 1-7, 2004. (23 refs.)

This paper takes an international perspective on the marketing of alcohol to young people by examining case studies of the marketing of alcohol in the UK and Poland. It is suggested that marketing is a powerful mechanism for attracting young consumers. The alcohol industry is an innovative industry able to use a wide variety of marketing tools to achieve success in the market-place. It is important to recognise that the marketing activities of the industry are becoming increasingly transnational and that policy response has to be equally transnational.

Cousins K; Kypri K. Alcohol advertising in the New Zealand university student press. Drug and Alcohol Review 27(5): 566-569, 2008. (10 refs.)

University students drink more heavily than their non-student peers in New Zealand. The promotion of alcohol via advertising is a known contributor to heavy drinking. The aim of this paper was to determine the nature and extent of alcohol-related advertising and related policies at New Zealand universities. We sought to obtain all issues for 2005, of student newspapers at five New Zealand universities that had participated in an ongoing research project examining alcohol-related harm. The number of alcohol-related advertisements was determined and counts were weighted by the proportion of the page they took up. We surveyed senior university administrators to determine whether policies existed to regulate alcohol advertising on campus. The number of alcohol-related advertisements in student publications ranged from 1 to 129 across the academic year (median: 74 advertisements, 34 full-page equivalents). At three universities, most advertisements promoted bars, pubs and restaurants, while at the other two universities, most alcohol-related advertising was for events sponsored by a brewery, alcohol company or local pub. At one university with almost no advertising, a brewery sponsorship agreement with the student association forbade other parties from advertising alcohol and related events. Alcohol-related advertising is pervasive in the New Zealand university student press. Student associations should consider the ethics of alcohol industry sponsorship in light of the high prevalence of heavy drinking in this population group.

de Silva Lopaz T. Global Brands: The Evolution of Multinationals in Alcoholic Beverages. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007

This book, by a business historian examines, the large multinational alcoholic beverage firms and their brands. It traces the origins of the best-known brands and examines the diversification, acquisition, and global expansion of the industry. It is organized around five themes: (1) the general patterns that explain growth and independent survival of multinational firms in alcoholic bever-ages; (2) why most of the leading multinational firms are family owned and/or controlled; (3) the channel relationships between producers, wholesalers, and retailers; (4) the diversification strategies used by the leading firms; and (5) the impact of firms in the life of the brands. The author makes a strong case that unlike most other industries, technology is rather unimportant to the success of these firms. Rather the key to success is marketing and brands.

Donnar R; Jakee K. Australian beer wars and pub demand: how vertical restraints improved the drinking experience. Applied Economics 36(14): 1613-1622, 2004. (31 refs.)

Recently, Australia's two largest brewers, Carlton and United Breweries and Lion Nathan, have been aggressively competing for market share in the state of Victoria. Among other strategies, the two breweries have implemented vertical restraints in the form of 'extensive' agreements with retailers and the outright purchase of pubs. A key outcome of these purchases and agreements is the renovation of many pubs as brewers attempt to attract increasingly sophisticated drinkers. This paper attempts to quantify the value of these renovations and measure their associated impact on consumers, relying on insights from the hedonic literature. A simple, but novel approach, is used to estimate the implicit price of the pub environment and the effects of renovations on that price.

Drummond C. The alcohol industry has a conflict of interest in alcohol research and policy. (letter). Addiction 100(1): 128-129, 2005. (7 refs.)

Edwards G; West R; Babor TF; Hall W; Marsden J. An invitation to an alcohol industry lobby to help decide public funding of alcohol research and professional training: A decision that should be reversed. (editorial). Addiction 99(10): 1235-1236, 2004. (5 refs.)

Gale G. Saving the vine from Phylloxera: A never-ending battle. IN: Sandler M; Pinder R, eds. Wine: A Scientific Exploration. London: Taylor and Francis, Inc., 2003. pp. 70-91. (60 refs.)

This chapter describes the initial appearance and subsequent destruction of vineyards by an insect, phylloxera. it attacks the roots of grape vines, and has descimated vineyards world-wide. It took nearly 7 years after the discovery of the bug, in 1866, for there to be a scientific consesus about the cause of the destruction, the author recounts the initial scientific disagreements and controversy. The insect was transported from the US. The various efforts to counter the bug are described.

Garfield CF; Chung PJ; Rathouz PJ. Alcohol advertising in magazines and adolescent readership. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(18): 2424-2429, 2003. (36 refs.)

Context Adolescent drinking is a major public health concern. The federal government does not restrict alcohol advertising to adolescents, but relies on the alcohol industry for self-regulation. Objectives To investigate recent alcohol advertising in magazines and to determine whether advertising frequency is associated with adolescent readership. Design, Setting, and Subjects All alcohol advertisements were counted that appeared from 1997-2001 in 35 of 48 major US magazines, which tracked their adolescent readership (3 refused all alcohol advertisements; and advertisement counts were unavailable for 10). Variation was assessed in the advertisement placement frequency for each major category of alcohol (beer, wine and wine coolers, and distilled liquor) by a magazine's adolescent readership (age 12-19 years), young adult readership (age 20-24 years), and older adult readership (age greater than or equal to25 years); readership demographics (sex, race, and income); year; frequency of publication; and cost per advertisement. Main Outcome Measure Variation in alcohol advertising frequency by adolescent readership. Results Adolescent readership ranged from 1.0 to 7.1 million. The alcohol industry placed 9148 advertisements at a cost of $696 million. Of the 9148 advertisements, 1201 (13%) were for beer, 443 (5%) for wine, and 7504 (82%) for liquor. After adjustment for other magazine characteristics, the advertisement rate ratio was 1.6 times more for beer (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.6; P=.05) and liquor (95% CI, 1.1-2.3; P=.01) for every additional million adolescent readers. Wine industry advertising was not associated with adolescent readership. Conclusions Magazine advertising by the beer and liquor industries is associated with adolescent readership. industry and federal policymakers should examine ways to regulate advertising that reaches large numbers of adolescents.

Grant M; O'Connor J, eds. Corporate Social Responsibility and Alcohol: The Need and Potential for Partnership. London: Routledge, 2005

This volume, part of a series on alcohol and society funded by the beverage industry, explores the nature of corporate social responsibility in the context of the beverage industry. It considers the basic values, ethics, policies and practices of the corporation, as well as the unique considerations related to alcohol, such as marketing, promotional as well as advertising campaigns, the risks inherent in any alcoholic product as well as the problems of abuse and dependence, efforts to promote their prevention, education, and also legal and ethical aspects.

Gruenewald PJ. The spatial ecology of alcohol problems: Niche theory and assortative drinking. Addiction 102(6): 870-878, 2007. (69 refs.)

Aims: This paper summarizes several theoretical perspectives that serve to explain observed associations between concentrations of alcohol outlets and alcohol-related problems. A critique of each perspective discusses how each addresses the social etiology of these problems; that is, how, where and why these problems arise in association with alcohol outlets? Methods: This theoretical work is based upon mathematical and computational models of the ecology of alcohol-related problems developed in the 'Ecosystems Modeling Project', an advanced research project of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, United States. Results Associations between outlets and problems are thought to arise from the concentration of individuals in drinking places ('flow models'), the attraction of some places for people at risk for problems ('gravity models'), or because outlets are located in high-risk neighborhoods and have negative social normative effects ('social contextual models'). None of these approaches explain how some outlets come to have more problems than others (e.g. violent outlets). An alternative social ecological model is introduced which asserts that the complementary processes of niche marketing and assortative drinking form the social dynamic that explains these relationships. Alcohol sellers 'niche market' to select social strata, drinkers return to establishments at which they find people like themselves, and consequent social stratification of the market-place increases the levels of related problems in some outlets. Conclusions: The proposed mechanism is very general, and suggests that over-concentrations of outlets will lead to stratification of drinking groups and intensification of problems related to those outlets.

Gual A. Who is responsible for irresponsible drinking? (commentary). Addiction 99(11): 1376, 2004. (3 refs.)

This is a commentary on an article in this issue ( An addiction agency's collaboration with the industry: Moo Joose as a case study. Addiction, 99, 1370-1374) on the relationship of alcohol beverage industry and policy groups.

Hall WD; Room R. Assessing the wisdom of funding DrinkWise. Medical Journal of Australia 185(11/12): 635-636, 2006. (12 refs.)

This essay questions whether DrinkWise , a goup funded by the Australian government to education the public habout responsible drinking, can truly act independently. While DrinkWise is a putatively independent body, it was originally funded by the alcohol industry, whose representatives occupy six of its 12 board positions. There is reason to be concerned, because the alcohol industry does not have a distinguished track record in reducing alcohol-related harm in Australia. It strenuously opposed the introduction of random breath testing in the 1970s and 1980s,3 because it would reduce alcohol consumption - which it did, and in the process reduced road crash fatalities and injuries. In the early 1990s, the brewers and distillers opposed the innocuous and basic policy of including standard drink labelling on alcohol beverage containers4so that consumers could assess their own alcohol intake. The policies that groups such as this have advocated are generally ineffective.

Hanai S. Structural characteristics and modernization of alcholic beverage production in Japan and China. IN: Umesao T; Yoshida S; Schalow P, eds. Japanese Civilization in the Modern World. XVIII, Alcoholic Beverages. Senri Ethnological Studies no. 64. Osaka Japan: National Museum of Ethnology (Japan), 2003. pp. 17-34. (1 refs.)

This chapter deals with the production of alcoholic beverages in both Japan and China. For both countries the traditional beverages are made with rice, by brewing or distillation. However, while sake of Japan and huangjiu of China are both produced from molded rice, there are differences between in flavor and appearance attributed to the means of storage as well as processing. The governments of both countries, though under different rationales, have initiated control policies. In Japan there was an increase in alcohol consumption which accompanied the period of marked economic growth from 1955-1980. Similarly, in China, increased income which accompanied the end of the Cultural Revolution was accompanied by higher levels of alcohol. Data is provided on the annual production of alcoholic beverages in both countries. There is also discussion of the market price structure which has emerged and the production of different products in both countries. Comparisons are made between shozingjiu and baijiu as well as sake and shochu, as a means of illustrating the changes from a manual to a mass-market economy, and differences in productivity.

Hemphill TA. Alcoholic beverage industry self-regulation and youth advertising: The Federal Trade Commission Report. Business and Society Review 110(3): 321-329, 2005. (20 refs.)

In 1997 and 1998, the U.S. House and Senate Committees on Appropriations jointly requested that the FTC examine the effectiveness of the alcoholic beverage industry's voluntary guidelines for advertising and marketing to underage consumers. the FTC staff reported in its 1999 report, Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry: A Review of Industry Efforts to Avoid Promoting Alcohol to Underage Consumers. The annual marketing and advertising investments made by the alcoholic beverage industry to influence consumer behavior are significant. The alcoholic beverage industry is reported to have spent $1.9 billion on alcohol advertising in measured media (television, radio, print, outdoor, major newspapers, and Sunday supplements) in 2002. According to estimates made by the FTC in 1999, the alcoholic beverage industry's total expenditures to promote alcoholic beverages (including sponsorship, Internet advertising, point-of-sale materials, product placement, brand logo items, and other means) were three or more times its expenditures for measured media advertising. (That translated to a total of $5.7 billion or more in 2002.) After a review of internal and public documents related marketing and advertising strategies, the 1999 FTC report found that, while a few members of the industry do not fully comply with their respective code provisions pertaining to advertising content and placement, product placement, online advertising, college marketing, and code enforcement, the industry generally complies with its existing self-regulatory standards. This FTC report endorsed the National Advertising Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus as a model of advertising self-regulation. The FTC recommended the following: 1) Third-party review: creating an independent external review board with responsibility and authority to address complaints from the public or other industry members. 2) Advertising placement: Raise the current standard that permits advertising placement in media where just over 50 percent of the audience is 21 or older, and members should be able to demonstrate their compliance with the higher standard. 3) Best prevailing practices: adopting enforcement policies that go beyond minimum code requirements. In March 2003, conferees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees directed the FTC to (1) study the impact on underage consumers of advertisements for new flavored malt beverages (FMBs) called �alcopops,� which were orst marketed in the late 1990s, and (2) determine whether the alcoholic beverage industry had implemented all of the recommendations made by the FTC in its 1999 report regarding improved alcoholic beverage industry self-regulation that limits the appeal and exposure of alcohol beverage advertising to underage consumers. The FTC staff reviewed whether these were placed among non-alcoholic beverages in retail outlets; whether the advertising for these products were targeted to an underage audience; and whether consumer survey evidence proved that teens were more likely than adults to be aware of and use these products, as alleged in complaint from the Center for Science in the Public Interest. In its report, Alcohol Marketing and Advertising (2003), the FTC reported finding no evidence of intent to target minors with the flavord malt bverages. In its review of the beverage industry's efforts at industry self-regulation, the FTC found that some members of the industry had taken modest steps, but that more could be done.

Henningfield JE; Santora PB; Bickel WK, eds. Addiction Treatment: Science and Policy for the Twenty-first Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. (Chapter refs refs.)

This edited book, with chapters provided by leaders in the field, is intended to stimulate discussion of significant issues and provoke discussion in respect to the emergent field of addiction medicine. It is divided into three sections. The first sets forth the dominant treatment models as well as the emerging science. Among the topics considered are loss of control, motivation, reward, nutrition, and evidenced based treatment models. The second section considers special populations, considering among others pregnant women, adolescents, those with HIV or at risk for acquiring HIV, and the presence and response to substance abuse problems for those in criminal justice system, as well as those seen in trauma units. The third section is directed to policy and health care issues. Among the issues covered is the divergence between popular understanding and scientific knowledge, matters related to social justice, behavioral interventions, confidentiality, the marketing of alcohol to youth, and the role of the Food and Drug Administration.

Herd D. Changes in the prevalence of alcohol use in rap song lyrics, 1979-97. Addiction 100(9): 1258-1259, 2005. (46 refs.)

Aims: This paper explores the role of changing images of drinking and alcoholic beverage use in rap music from its beginnings in the United States in the late 1970s to the late 1990s. Design: A sample of 341 rap music song lyrics released from 1979 to 1997 were selected using Billboard and Gavin rating charts. Song lyrics were coded for music genres, alcohol beverage types and brand names, drinking behaviors, drinking contexts, intoxication, attitudes towards alcohol and consequences of drinking. Findings: From 1979 to 1997, songs with references to alcohol increased fivefold (from 8 to 44%); those exhibiting positive attitudes rose from 43% to 73%; and brand name mentions increased from 46% to 71%. There were also significant increases in songs mentioning champagne and liquor (mainly expensive brand names) when comparing songs released after 1994 with those from previous years. In addition, there were significant increases in references to alcohol to signify glamour and wealth, and using alcohol with drugs and for recreational purposes. The findings also showed that alcohol use in rap music was much more likely to result in positive than negative consequences. Conclusions: Many of these findings are consistent with the idea that rap music has been profoundly affected by commercial forces and the marketing of alcoholic beverages. In addition, it is possible that the increase in references to alcoholic beverages in rap music, particularly spirits, is a reflection of a broader advertising culture which increasingly associates African Americans with alcohol use.

Jahiel RI; Babor TF. Industrial epidemics, public health advocacy and the alcohol industry: lessons from other fields. (editorial). Addiction 102(9): 1335-1339, 2007. (55 refs.)

Jernigan D. The need for restraint. (editorial). Addiction 102(11): 1747-1748, 2007. (10 refs.)

This is a commentary on the article "Young Australians and alcohol: the acceptabllity of ready-to-drink (RTD) alcoholic beverages among 12-30-year-olds." Ready-to-drink beverages include beverages that often are mixed with soft drinks and thereby disguise the taste of alcohol that is often unpleasant to early drinkers.

Jernigan D; O'Hara J. Advertising and promotion. IN: Committee on Developing a Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Underage Drinking; Bonnie RJ; O'Connell ME, eds. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2004. pp. 625-653. (75 refs.)

This chapter begins with a brief summary of the shape and trends in the alcohol market in the United States, with particular attention to youth consumption. In 2001, Americans paid more than $135 billion for alcoholic beverages. The advertising budget was around $4 billion in 2001. Of this, under half -- 1.57 billion -- was in the traditional measured media -- television, radio, print, and outdoor. the remainder is spent on "non-traditional" advertising, such as promotions, sponsorships, point-of-sale materials, product placement. With sales essentially flat for two decades, increasingly attention is directed to expanding the market, encourage drinkers to switch brands or increase consumption, as well as persuading nondrinkers to begin drinking. Adolescents and young adults are a target. This chapter describes the nature and trends in alcohol marketing, with particular attention to young people. The paper concludes with a discussion of public policy needs.

Jernigan DH. The global alcohol industry: An overview. (review). Addiction 104(Supplement 1): 6-12, 2009. (40 refs.)

Jernigan DH; Ostroff J; Ross CS; Naimi TS; Brewer RD. Youth Exposure to Alcohol Advertising in Magazines --- United States, 2001--2005. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 56(30): 763-767, 2007. (10 refs.)

This report describes the first study of alcohol advertising in magazines since the trade associations for the beer and liquor industries adopted and implemented a new standard in which they agreed to restrict advertising in media in which the youth audience composition exceeds 30%. The surveillance system used in this report is the only independent source of brand- and company-specific data regarding youth exposure to alcohol marketing and has been used to document levels of youth exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines by sex. The placement of advertisements in the nine publications with >30% youth readership decreased approximately 90% during 2001--2005; however, almost 45% of alcohol advertisements were still placed in magazines with a disproportionately large youth readership (i.e., >15%). Furthermore, advertisements in magazines with >15% youth readership accounted for approximately 80% of all youth exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines overall. Of the 201 alcohol brands advertised in magazines in 2005, a total of 36 brands placed all of their advertising in magazines with >15% youth readership, 38 brands placed more than half of their advertising in these magazines, 39 had half or less of their advertising in these magazines, and 88 brands had no advertising in these magazines (listing of brands available at http://www.camy.org). These data indicate that although alcohol companies have modified their advertising practices to meet >30% target thresholds, youth exposure to alcohol advertising would be further reduced if these companies followed the NRC/IOM recommendation and did not advertise in magazines in which youth readership exceeds 15%. It is noted too, that although alcohol advertising in magazines decreased from 2001 to 2005, alcohol advertising on television increased 41% for youth and 48% for adults during this same period (9). This increase is largely attributable to increased advertising by liquor producers on cable television programs, which are more likely than broadcast television program to have disproportionately large youth audiences (9). The Distilled Spirits Council of the United States changed its voluntary marketing practices code in 1996 to allow television advertising.

Public Domain

Jones SC; Lynch M. Non-advertising alcohol promotions in licensed premises: Does the Code of Practice ensure responsible promotion of alcohol? Drug and Alcohol Review 26(5): 477-485, 2007. (34 refs.)

Introduction and Aims. Binge drinking is a major public health issue in Australia, particularly among young people. There has been a considerable focus on alcohol advertising, among both researchers and policy makers, resulting in efforts to bring about some level of regulation of unacceptable advertising practices. However-despite the existence of a Code of Practice for Responsible Promotion of Liquor Products which provides 'a framework of practices which are considered acceptable and reasonable for licensed premises-there are few, if any, data on the nature and extent of promotions which could arguably fall under either 'acceptable' or 'unacceptable' practices. Design and Methods. Over an 8-week period we monitored promotions offered by licensed venues (pubs, bars and clubs) in the Wollongong central area. Seventeen venues were identified, and each venue was visited daily for I week. Trained research assistants took notes on all promotions/events in visited venues, including both manufacturer- and management-initiated. Results. We identified a range of different types of promotions, including low cost and free drinks. Some of the promotions identified could be seen to have a positive public health impact, such as free food and free transport. However, the majority of promotions were of a nature likely to increase the likelihood of excessive drinking. Discussion and Conclusions. It is evident from this review that there are numerous examples of promotions which breach both the spirit and the letter of the Code. It is equally evident that the system for monitoring compliance with the Code is fundamentally inadequate.

Karlsson T; Osterberg E; Tigerstedt C. Developing border regions, regulating alcohol in the Nordic countries. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 22(English Supplement): 102-114, 2005. (23 refs.)

In the last decade there has been a marked shift in Nordic alcohol policy towards questions of cross-border trade and cross-country pice differences. This is the result of ongoing efforts in the EU to create a common market without fiscal barriers, which led to an eroison of Danish, Finnish, and Swedish exemptions to rules on the impart of alcohol for personal use. Sweden has found itself with a southern border described as a "seive." It has been suggested that taxes on spirts be slashed by 40% and on beer by 30%. Paradoxically, while concern is expressed over the alcohol issue, parallel efforts are underway to unify the Denmark-Swedish economy and facilitate cross-border travel by enhancing ease of travel. The nature of travel in different points of crossing is described for the Oresnd region, Svinesund area, and Helsinki-Tallin. Price differential in alcohol prices remains and is a primary purchase for Swedish and Finnish travelers.

Kuo M; Wechsler H; Greenber P; Lee H. The marketing of alcohol to college students: The role of low prices and special promotions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 25(3): 204-211, 2003. (40 refs.)

Heavy episodic or binge drinking has been recognized as a major problem on American college campuses affecting the health, safety, and education of students. The present study examines the alcohol environment surrounding college campuses and assesses the impact on students' drinking. This environment includes alcohol promotions, price specials, and advertising at drinking establishments that serve beer for on-premise consumption as well as retail outlets that sell beer for off-premise consumption. Methods: The study used student self-report data from the 2001 College Alcohol Study (CAS) and direct observational assessments by trained observers who visited alcohol establishments in communities where the participating colleges were located. The analytic sample included more than 10,000 students as well as 830 on-premise and 1684 off-premise establishments at 118 colleges. Results: Alcohol specials, promotions, and advertisements were prevalent in the alcohol outlets around college campuses. Almost three quarters of on-premise establishments offered specials on weekends, and almost one half of the on-premise establishments and more than 60% of off-premise establishments provided at least one type of beer promotion. The availability of large volumes of alcohol (24- and 30-can cases of beer, kegs, party balls), low sale prices, and frequent promotions and advertisements at both on- and off-premise establishments were associated with higher binge drinking rates on the college campuses. In addition, an overall measure of on- and off-premise establishments was positively associated with the total number of drinks consumed. Conclusions: The regulation of marketing practices such as sale prices, promotions, and advertisements may be important strategies to reduce binge drinking and its accompanying problems.

Lemaire J. Unmixing a jurisprudential cocktail: Reconciling the twenty-first amendment, the dormant Commerce Clause, and federal appellate jurisprudence to judge the constitutionality of state laws restricting direct shipment of alcohol. Notre Dame Law Review 79(4): 1613-1674, 2004. (401 legal refs.)

Most states place some type of restriction on the ability of consumers to order liquor and have it shipped to their homes. If states attempted to place such restrictions on commerce in lobsters or video games or virtually any other product, the courts would not hesitate to strike down those restrictions. The issue of state imposed restrictions on commerce is more complicated when commerce in alcoholic beverages is involved. Section 2 of the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution provides: "The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited." Its quirks have been documented, but does it authorize the states to forbid the direct shipment of liquor to consumers? This issue has become important in recent years because of the rapid growth of the American wine industry. There are more than 2000 domestic wineries in the United States, up from just 375 in 1963. Due to their size, such wineries often find it difficult or even impossible to sell their wares through traditional state distribution channels. The Internet, however, provides a convenient connection between wineries and their potential customers. Unfortunately, state direct-shipment prohibitions often get in the way. Wineries and wine lovers have challenged state direct-shipment laws in the courts, claiming that such laws restrain commerce to a degree not allowed by the dormant Commerce Clause. This Note attempts to sort out this issue in light of current law. Part I examines how alcohol regulation has developed in the United States, which contributes to an understanding of how state regulation of alcohol has long been considered "different." Part II traces the development of contemporary Supreme Court jurisprudence in the area of alcohol regulation and the Twenty-First Amendment. Part III reviews the five recent circuit court of appeals decisions regarding the validity of state direct-shipment laws. Finally, Part IV takes crucial principles from the Supreme Court and circuit court of appeals decisions and attempts to mold them into a clear understanding about when state direct-shipment laws are valid and when they are not. This Note concludes that nondiscriminatory direct-shipment laws are a valid part of the states' right to structure their own alcohol distribution systems while discriminatory direct-shipment laws are presumed to have an improper, protectionist purpose and are invalid unless the state can affirmatively justify them.

Lieberman B. The power of positive drinking: Are alcoholic beverage health claims constitutionally protected? Food and Drug Law Journal 58: 511-520, 2003. (81 legal refs.)

The Competitive Enterprise Institute's (CEI's) 1996 lawsuit challenging the federal government's policy regarding alcoholic beverage health claims was dismissed, without prejudice, on procedural grounds. See CEI v. O'Neill, No. 96-2476 (D.D.C. June 18, 2001), appeal dismissed, CEI v. O'Neill, No. 01-5241, 2002 WL 1359478 (D.C. Cir. May 10, 2002). Summary: It seems almost too good to be true that moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages substantially reduces one's risk of contracting heart disease, but a wealth of published studies have shown it to be an accurate statement. ... In its 1993 Industry Circular, entitled Health Claims in the Labeling and Advertising of Alcoholic Beverages, ATF conceded that "there is currently a growing body of scientific research and other data that seems to provide evidence that lower levels of drinking decrease the risk of death from coronary artery disease." ... ATF sponsored a survey, conducted by DHHS' Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), which tested the consumer impact of the proposed directional statements, including whether they would confuse consumers about the risks of drinking or obfuscate the message in the mandatory health warning statement. ... The agency conceded that "the regulations make it difficult to present a substantive health claim (for example, one involving cardiovascular benefits associated with moderate alcohol consumption) on an alcohol beverage label, because of the level of qualification and explanation that would be necessary to set forth the risks associated with such consumption." ... The agency has not demonstrated, to the satisfaction of First Amendment commercial speech scrutiny, that such health statements are misleading absent the now-mandated disclaimers.

Lopes TD. Competing with multinationals: Strategies of the Portuguese alcohol industry. (review). Business History Review 79(3): 559-585, 2005. (115 refs.)

This study looks at the formation of multinationals and relates that process to the emergence of institutions favorable to economic growth. It compares the development of such institutions from 1960 in four European countries: the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Portugal. The focus of the study is a global industry-alcoholic beverages-in which brands, marketing knowledge, and distribution channels have been critical. In order to understand why some nations succeed in developing multinationals and others do not, different views of the determinants of national wealth, such as trade, institutions and organizations, and corporate governance, are examined. Whereas three of the countries developed leading multinationals in alcoholic beverages, Portugal did not succeed in doing so. The study concludes that, in marketing-based industries, both the type of product and the institutional environment influence the ability of firms to become leading multinationals.

Maher A; Wilson N; Signal L; Thomson G. Patterns of sports sponsorship by gambling, alcohol and food companies: An Internet survey. BMC Public Health 6: article 95, 2006. (18 refs.)

Background: Sports sponsorship is a significant marketing tool. As such, it can promote products that pose risks to health (eg, high fat and high sugar foods) or it can promote health-supporting products ( eg, sporting equipment and services). However, there is a lack of data on the proportion of sponsorship associated with "unhealthy" and "healthy" products and no methodology for systematically assessing it. This research aimed to explore this proportion with an Internet survey of sports sponsorship in the New Zealand setting. Methods: A search methodology was developed to identify Internet-based evidence of sports sponsorship at the national level and at the regional and club level in one specific region ( Wellington). The top eight sports for 5-17-year-olds were selected and products and services of sponsors were classified in terms of potential public health impact ( using a conservative approach). Results: Sponsorship of these popular sports was common at the national, regional and club levels ( 640 sponsors listed on 107 websites overall). Sports sponsorship associated with sponsors' products classified as "unhealthy" ( eg, food high in fat and sugar, gambling and alcohol) were over twice as common as sponsorship associated with sponsors' products classified as "healthy" (32.7% (95% CI = 29.1, 36.5) versus 15.5% ( 95% CI = 12.8, 18.6) respectively). "Gambling" was the most common specific type of sponsorship (18.8%) followed by alcohol (11.3%). There were significantly more "alcohol" sponsors for rugby, compared to all the other sports collectively ( rate ratio (RR) = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.60, 3.79), and for top male sports compared to female ( RR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.05, 3.18). Also there was significantly more "unhealthy food" sponsorship for touch rugby and for "junior" teams/clubs compared to other sports collectively ( RR = 6.54; 95% CI = 2.07, 20.69; and RR = 14.72, 95% CI = 6.22, 34.8; respectively). A validation study gave an inter-rater reliability for number of sponsors of 95% (n = 87 sponsors), and an inter-rater reliability of classification and categorisation of 100%. Conclusion: This study found that the sponsorship of popular sports for young people is dominated by "unhealthy" sponsorship ( ie, predominantly gambling, alcohol and unhealthy food) relative to "healthy" sponsorship. Governments may need to consider regulations that limit unhealthy sponsorship and/or adopt alternative funding mechanisms for supporting popular sports.

Mbona NT; Kasirye R. Gender and major consequences of alcohol consumption in Uganda. IN: Obot IS; Room R, eds. Alcohol, Gender and Drinking Problems: Perspectives from Low and Middle Income Countries. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005. pp. 189-208. (23 refs.)

Alcohol use though not formally documented is widely accepted. There is no clear alcohol policy, commercial sale of traditionally produced spirits is regulate but outdated and not enforced. The chapter begins with a discussion of alcocol production. There are a number of national breweries. However, informal alcohol production is common and the source of revenue for families. The chapter then adresses consumption. A national surevy shows that 25% of women and half of men consumed alcohol is the prior month. Of those who drank, 25% of women and half of men got drunk at least once in that period. High alcohol consumption is attributed by some to political instability, unemployment as well as culture, which defines excessive drinking as part of life and a duty. Men who abstain are unrespected and virility is suspect. Other sugest that the reverse is true, with drinking contributing to poverty. Other consequences of alcohol use are an increased risk of HIV, and family disruption, and increased domestic violence. The GENASIS study and its findings are reviewed. Men are over 3 times as likely to be heavy drinkers, 23% versus 6.5%. Men were most likely to drink with friends and workmates; for women it was family and friends. Among current drinkers for both men and women, financial problems were the most commonly cited problem. Two-thirds of all drinkers reported an alcohol related problem in the past year.

McGee R; Ketchel J/Reeder AI. Alcohol imagery on New Zealand television. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2: article 6, 2007. (21 refs.)

Background: To examine the extent and nature of alcohol imagery on New Zealand (NZ) television, a content analysis of 98 hours of prime-time television programs and advertising was carried out over 7 consecutive days' viewing in June/July 2004. The main outcome measures were number of scenes in programs, trailers and advertisements depicting alcohol imagery; the extent of critical versus neutral and promotional imagery; and the mean number of scenes with alcohol per hour, and characteristics of scenes in which alcohol featured. Results: There were 648 separate depictions of alcohol imagery across the week, with an average of one scene every nine minutes. Scenes depicting uncritical imagery outnumbered scenes showing possible adverse health consequences of drinking by 12 to 1. Conclusion: The evidence points to a large amount of alcohol imagery incidental to storylines in programming on NZ television. Alcohol is also used in many advertisements to market non-alcohol goods and services. More attention needs to be paid to the extent of alcohol imagery on television from the industry, the government and public health practitioners. Health education with young people could raise critical awareness of the way alcohol imagery is presented on television.

Mosher JF; Johnsson D. Flavored alcoholic beverages: An international marketing campaign that targets youth. Journal of Public Health Policy 26(3): 326-342, 2005. (37 refs.)

Flavored alcoholic beverages (FABs) were first introduced into the alcohol market in the early 1980s in the form of wine coolers. FABs are sweet, relatively low alcohol content beverages that are designed for "entry-level" drinkers. The alcohol industry has introduced new products and production methods to expand the category's popularity. Research suggests that they are popular with underage drinkers, particularly teenage girls, and that the industry uses marketing practices that appear to target youth. FABs are now marketed globally, and their production and marketing vary by country based on national regulatory restraints. In the United States, industry representations that the products are malt beverages for regulatory purposes appears to violate many state laws because the alcohol in the FABs is derived from distilled spirits. Recommendations for regulatory reform, including new legal definitions of FABs, increased taxes, and restrictions on availability, are applicable at both national and state levels.

Muller R; Klingemann H, eds. From Science to Action? 100 years later - Alcohol Policies Revisited. London: Springer, 2004. (Chapter refs.)

The papers incorporated were drawn from a meeting celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Swiss Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Other Drug Problems. The book includes a 'smargardsbord' of 15 papers that cover various aspects of alcohol policy. The volume is organized into five sections: International perspective, history, action, the ethics and politics of policies, and in conclusion, Swiss alcohol policy over the last century. Among the subjects discussed are the relationship of alcohol policy to the public good, alcohol policy in the European Union, a review of harm reduction and its objectives, and historical review of alcohol policies in industrial countries. There is also discussion of the relationship of price decrease and spirits consumption, the relationship of consumption levels and drunkenness in different countries, as well as a commentary on the increasing influence of the alcohol industry, the resistance to policies that might decrease sales and support of educational programs with little impact.

Munro G. An addiction agency's collaboration with the drinks industry: Moo Joose as a case study. Addiction 99(11): 1370-1374, 2004. (31 refs.)

Aim: This paper analyses a partnership between an addiction agency and the drinks industry in Australia, with special reference to concerns held by public health advocates for such projects. Method: Public health anxieties regarding collaboration between the drugs sector and the drinks industry are identified. A projected partnership between the Alcohol and Drug Foundation Queensland (ADFQ) and the liquor industry in Australia is reviewed. The partnership involves the creation of a new organization, Alcohol Education Australia Ltd. (AEA), which states as its aim the education of consumers in responsible drinking. In order to assess the impact of the partnership an examination is undertaken of the AEA's stated mission and objectives, of relevant policy development by ADFQ and of ADFQ's intervention in support of an alcohol manufacturer which was putting a case to a licensing authority. Findings: The results indicate the partnership advances the interests of the drinks industry rather than public health. The mission and objectives of Alcohol Education Australia Ltd subordinate public health goals to industry aims and the host organization, the ADFQ, has changed its policy and practice to accommodate the drinks industry. Conclusion: The partnership between the ADFQ and the drinks industry indicates the difficulty faced by addiction organizations in maintaining an uncompromising public health orientation when in partnership with the alcohol industry.

Munro G. Drinks industry organizations should carry warning labels: A brief reply to commentaries. Addiction 99(11): 1380, 2004. (7 refs.)

This is a response to commentaries on the author's article published in this issue: An addiction agency's collaboration with the drinks industry: Moo Joose as a case study. The case study highlights the tensions inherent in collaborations between the beverage industry and community substance abuse agencies.

Munro G. Establishment of a Moo Joose archive. (letter). Addiction 100(5): 716, 2005. (2 refs.)

Note: Moo Joose, was a "nontraditional" beverage - alcoholic milk - that was proposed for sale in Australia. The manufacturer, Wicked Holdings Pty Ltd, envisioned a beverage containing more than 5% alcohol by volume, to be available in flavors of chocolate, banana, strawberry and coffee and mimic flavored milk. The following were set forth as positive features: (a 'Milk with its component proteins is likely to produce feelings of satiation that may limit the amount consumed; (b) It is possible that the milk content may reduce the rate of absorption of alcohol into the walls of the stomach and small intestine and act like food in delaying the rate of absorption; (c) 'The fact that the fat content is low is likely to make more attractive (sic) to young women . . . Low sugar levels are also an attraction to young women in the 18 + age group. Also mentioned as positive features of Moo Joose were its proposed four-pack packaging which would supposedly foster moderation, as well as narrow-necked bottles with screw tops that would minimize the chances of other person's spiking the drink. Among those speaking on Moo Joose's behalf was a major Australian substance abuse group. The Alcohol & Drug Foundation, explained its support for Moo Joose by noting that any incidental alcohol problems would be more than offset by declines in drinking it envisioned as resulting from an anticipated prevention campaign it would be conducting jointly with the beverage industry. The licensing group was unconvinced by these arguments and Wicked Holding's application was denied, on the basis that it represented an unacceptable risk to the health and well-being of young people. Amaong the questions this case haved evoked is the potential for problems in "any" beverage industry and substance abuse field collaboration.

Murie A; Solomon R. The alcohol industry: Friend or foe in the fight against impaired driving. "A MADD Perspective". Glasgow: ICADTS, 2004. (26 refs.)

The alcohol industry has been a major obstacle to making significant progress in fighting drinking and driving. While MADD has no problems with the industry's focus on pursuing profits or sponsoring bonafide research. MADD Canada's perspective changes when the alcohol industry purports to be committed to reducing impaired driving and yet offers "solutions" that will have little positive impact and when it opposes measures that research indicates would have major traffic safety benefits. As with the tobacco industry, the alcohol industry provides little research in support of its proposals. This paper illustrates the industry's approach by reference to its support for social norming and its opposition to lowering the BAC limit for driving. MADD is not opposed to working with the industry, but only if it is willing to tackle real problems in the impaired driving field. There is no accompanying PowerPoint presentation.

National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse; Foster SE; Vaughan R. The Economic Value of Underage and Adult Excessive Drinking to the Alcohol Industry. New York: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, 2003. (45 refs.)

This report is based on an analysis conducted by Foster and other Center fellows and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in February 2003. It examined the impact of excessive and underage drinking for the beverage industry. This study found that underage drinking accounts for 19.7 percent of the alcohol consumed in the U.S. and adult excessive drinking accounts for another 30.4 percent. Together, that is 50.1 percent of the alcohol consumed in the U.S. and 49 percent of consumer expenditures for alcohol in 1999 (the most recent year for which necessary data was available. The alcohol consumed by underage drinking represented $22.5 billion of the total $116.2 billion spent for all forms of alcohol. To reduce underage and excessive drinking would reduce the amount spent on alcohol by almost half, $56.9 billion. This suggests that there insurmountable conflict of interests for the beverage industry to "battle" underage drinking. As a consequence the Center is calling for increased governmental efforts as well as efforts by parents and the community to address this. In addition to the data collected, there are also statements by public figures calling on the beverage industry to introduce changes as well as endow a private independent foundation that can address underage drinking.

Noon MA. Yuengling: A History of America's Oldest Brewery. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., 2005

This story outlines the history of the oldest brewery in the United States. It was founded in 1829 by D.G. Yuengling, a German immigrant living in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. The company continues in operation and remains in the hands of the founder's descendents. The first chapter examines the life and times of the brewery's founder and an immigrant from W�rttemberg Germany. It was started during the "rush" to the anthracite coal region in the 1820s. Of interest is how the brewery survived during Prohibition, by producing "near" beers. As problematic as prohibition for small breweries was the lager marked consolidation of brewing, and the emergence of national companies.

O'Brien KS; Kypri K. Alcohol industry sponsorship and hazardous drinking among sportspeople. Addiction 103(12): 1961-1966, 2008. (20 refs.)

To examine the nature and extent of alcohol industry sponsorship of sportspeople, and its association with drinking. A purposive sample of participants (n = 1279) from various sporting codes were asked whether they personally, their team, or club received free and/or discounted alcohol or funding from an alcohol industry body (e.g. pub, brewery, wholesaler); how much they received; and whether they felt they should drink their sponsor's product and/or at the sponsor's premises. Drinking behaviour was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire. Alcohol industry sponsorship was reported by 47.8% of the sample. Of those sponsored, 47% reported receiving free and/or discounted alcohol products. In multivariate models, those receiving sponsorship at the individual, team and club level had AUDIT scores that were, on average, 2.4 points higher [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-4.09] than those who received no sponsorship. Receiving free and/or discounted alcohol (beta(adj) = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.01-1.88) and feeling that they should go to the sponsor's pub/club to drink (beta(adj) = 1.91, 95% CI: 0.85-2.98) were also associated with higher AUDIT scores. Provision of free or discounted alcoholic beverages was associated more strongly with AUDIT scores (beta(adj) = 1.56; 95% CI: 0.62-2.51) than other forms of sponsorship from the alcohol industry (e.g. provision of uniforms). Alcohol industry sponsorship of sportspeople, and in particular the provision of free or discounted alcoholic beverages, is associated with hazardous drinking after adjustment for a range of potential confounders. Sports administration bodies should consider the health and ethical risks of accepting alcohol industry sponsorship.

Olasupo NA; Obayori OS. Utilization of palm wine (Elaeis guineensis) for the improved production of Nigerian indigenous alcoholic drink: Ogogoro. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 27(5): 365-372, 2003. (17 refs.)

A strategy to produce a Nigerian indigenous alcoholic drink (Ogogoro)from palm wine using a modification of the traditional method was investigated. Modifications adopted include temperature monitoring during distillation, airtightness of the production system and improved cooling system for better condensation and product recovery. The fermenting palm wine was monitored for changes in pH, acidity and sugar content at 24 h intervals during the 5 days of fermentation. pH progressively decreased from an initial pH of 7.3 to 3.5 at the end of the fermentation. The initial percentage acidity was 0.42, which increased to 0.83 on the fifth day. Sugar content decreased significantly from an initial 12% to 4% on the fifth day. The ogogoro had an alcoholic content of 55%. Though sensory evaluation rated the ogogoro very acceptable, significant differences (P < 0.01) exist between the ogogoro and the commercial alcoholic drink. This research manuscript highlights the potential of traditional methods for possible adaptation in industrial production of high alcoholic drinks in the Nigerian environment.

Peters E. What the taste test showed: Alcohol and politics in French Vietnam. The Social History of Alcohol and Drugs 19: 94-110, 2004. (35 refs.)

This article traces the history of the efforts by the French colonialists in Vietnam, who derived a substantial portion of income from the sale of alcohol, to increase controls on alcohol and substitute a "purified" alcohol in place of traditional products. The article shows how the Chinese and Vietnamese inhabitants of southern Vietnam forced significant concessions from the French government at the expense of state distillers.

Raistrick D. The United Kingdom: Alcohol today. (commentary). Addiction 100(9): 1212-1214, 2005. (19 refs.)

The United Kingdom is ninth of 14 leading European Union countries in the per capita consumption league table but second only to Germany as a producer of beers. Some 1.47 million people are employed in licensed retailing and related industries [1]. The number of fully licensed premises, public houses and hotels has remained fairly steady in recent years at around 88 000 [1]. The public enjoy eating out and drinking as a prime leisure activity and in 2003 spent �74 766 on alcohol every minute of the year, generating �13 477 million in revenue, 4.5% of the total, for the Treasury [1]. The per capita consumption of alcohol in the United Kingdom has increased from 6.6 l per head in 1973 to 9.1 l in 2003 [1], which is reflected in the 2002 General Household Survey [2] as 27% of men and 17% of women drinking over safer weekly limits (21 and 14 units) and 7% and 3% drinking over dangerous limits (50 and 35 units). Best estimates for England and Wales are of at least 7 million hazardous or harmful and at least 1 million dependent drinkers. The cost of alcohol-related harm has been estimated at up to �1.7 billion to the health service, accounting for between 11 300 and 17 900 deaths due to chronic disease, up to �7.3 billion attributable to crime and public disorder and up to �6.4 billion in costs to the economy [3]. There are other costs that are difficult to quantify, notably the impact on children, the dysfunction of families and the despair experienced by individuals. The total costs may reach �20 billion or, viewed another way, �6 billion more than income. This editorial discusses the tensions in the United Kingdom in the creation of alcohol policy, differences across the UK, the role of the Portman Group (an industry advocate) as a key player, and the tendency to discount experiences of other countries.

Rehm J; Kanteres F. Alcohol and sponsorship in sport: Some much-needed evidence in an ideological discussion. (commentary). Addiction 103(12): 1967-1968, 2008. (6 refs.)

Ringold DJ. Responsibility and brand advertising in the alcoholic beverage market - The modeling of normative drinking behavior. (review). Journal of Advertising 37(1): 127-141, 2008. (108 refs.)

This review compares alcoholic beverage advertising, responsibility advertising, and media advocacy; considers their actual and desired impacts; describes and evaluates the controversy surrounding industry-sponsored responsibility campaigns; and identifies a number of issues that would benefit from additional research. Results indicate that alcoholic beverage advertising does not exert a material influence on total consumption or abuse, but models normative drinking behavior, and thus may actually inhibit alcohol misuse. Industry-sponsored responsibility efforts, like those sponsored by government and nonprofits, appear to affect desired changes, are perceived to be similar to government and nonprofit efforts, model desired drinking behaviors, and may be more effective with heavier drinkers.

Room R. Disabling the public interest: Alcohol strategies and policies for England. (editorial). Addiction 99(9): 1083-1089, 2004. (32 refs.)

In March 2004, two important documents on alcohol policy were published by the British government. One is an Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England (UK Cabinet Office 2004). This document has received more attention, but is arguably of less import. As we shall see, what it offers is a recipe for ineffectiveness at the national level. The second document, the kind which only a lawyer could love, is entitled Draft Guidance issued under Section 182 of the Licensing Act 2003 (UK Ministry of Culture, Media & Sport 2004). The consequences of this document are likely to be much more serious for public health and safety, as it is intended to eviscerate any possibility of effective action on alcohol issues at the local level. In the same month, then, the Blair government has managed to accomplish not only a missed chance at the national level but also a thoroughgoing neutralization of local powers to control the alcohol market in the interests of public health and safety. Much of the problem is seen as undue involvement and influence by the beverage industry. Note: There are six commentaries on this article.

Room R. International control of alcohol: Alternative paths forward. Drug and Alcohol Review 25(6): 581-595, 2006. (44 refs.)

Alcohol was the first psychoactive substance to be subject to international control, but these agreements between colonial powers have long since fallen away. In the wake of the entry into force of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), paths forward for international control of alcohol are considered. The choices embedded in the FCTC are discussed, and the justifications for a parallel convention for alcohol considered. An alternative would be scheduling alcohol under one or more of the international drug conventions, most probably the 1971 convention, although the convention would have to be amended to allow use outside 'medical and scientific purposes' and without a prescription regime. In considering potential contents of an alcohol convention, it is noted that both the FCTC and the drug conventions are concerned at least as much with domestic markets as with international trade.

Sandler M; Pinder R, eds. Wine: A Scientific Exploration. London: Taylor and Francis, Inc., 2003. (806 book refs.)

The science of wine, its protective medical effects, and its making are discussed. The authors note that wine has been made since Neolithic times. The beneficial effects of wine were also well known by the ancients. Modern issues were first noted in 1979 with the publication of a paper related to the relationship between cardiac mortality and the consumption of wine. The authors suggest that red wines, particularly Merlot and Pinot Noir, may have greater protective effect than white wines, perhaps as a result of higher concentrations of polyphenols in the reds. Chapter headings in this volume include: (1) drinking wine; (2) the history of wine as a medicine; (3) archaeology and the origins of wine production; (4) saving the vine from Phylloxera: a never-ending battle; (5) wine and heart disease: a statistical approach; (6) wine, alcohol and cardiovascular diseases; (7) wine flavonoids, LDL cholesterol oxidation and atherosclerosis; (8) resveratrol: biochemistry, cell biology and the potential role in disease prevention; (9) grape-derived wine flavonoids and stilbenes; (10) modern biotechnology of winemaking; (11) the identity and parentage of wine grapes; (12) wine and migraine; (13) wine: protective in macular degeneration; and (14) antimicrobial effects of wine. Many figures and tables are included.

Sharma M. Corporate social responsibility and alcohol: The need and potential for partnership. (editorial). Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 49(4): 85-88, 2005. (4 refs.)

Smith SW; Atkin CK; Roznowski J. Are "drink responsibly" alcohol campaigns strategically ambiguous? Health Communication 20(1): 1-11, 2006. (41 refs.)

This article applies the concept of strategic ambiguity in examining viewer responses to brewer-sponsored "responsible drinking" television advertising campaigns. Strategically ambiguous messages are designed to engender diverse interpretations between varied audience segments, and these different selective perceptions should translate into relatively uniform positive corporate images. In this study, teenage and young adult respondents were shown a series of television spots from two leading alcohol companies. As predicted, there was a high degree of diversity in meanings of message content and campaign purpose derived by viewers, particularly among less sophisticated teenagers. Moreover, evaluative ratings of messages and sponsors were generally favorable and more uniform than interpretive responses. The research demonstrates how seemingly prohealth messages can serve to subtly advance both industry sales and public relations interests.

Solomon R; Chamberlain E; Murie A. The alcohol industry: Friend or foe in the fight against impaired driving. Glasgow: ICADTS, 2004. (26 refs.)

This paper considers the relationship between Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) Canada and the alcohol beverage industry. While not a prohibitionist organization, MADD is concerned about general alcohol policies that may have an impact of impaired driving. In respect to policy issues, an important factor was advocacy of specific impaired driving countermeasures including a BAC of 0.05% BAC. The role of the beverage industry in lobbying for alcohol policy in Canada is reviewed. The industry also funds a variety of organization that address social aspects of alcohol consumption. While ostensibly focused on research and education, they exist to further the industry's interests, e.g. challenging research and policies that are perceived to be threatening. The limitations of the "responsible drinking" campaigns are noted, as well as the "educational packages" developed for the schools. This is followed by a discussion of those arrested for impaired driving. Contrary to many stereotypes, there are a number of "social drinkers" who drink to excess and drive. In light of this the paper focuses on the proposed change to the criminal code setting 0.05% as the definition of impairment, and which pits MADD against the beverage industry.

Stimson GV; Grant M; Choquet M; Garrison P, eds. London: Routledge, 2006

Three premises underpin this book. One, the patterns of drinking are the best way to understand alcohol's place in society; two, targeted interventions are the most sensitive to cultural differences; and three, partnerships offer the best opportunity to develop policies that reflect the values of society as a whole. The book is directed to policy-makers, public health and social policy specialists, health advocates, scientists and scholars, beverage alcohol industry members, educators and prevention personnel. The book was promoted and sponsored by the International Center for Alcohol Policies, a group supported by the alcohol beverage industry. The book is organized into three major sections. Following an introductory chapter that argues for a fresh approach to alcohol policy, the book discusses how drinking patterns can provide a more nuanced way of describing drinking behavior than is the case when the emphasis is mainly on levels of consumption (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 demonstrates how relatively simple assessment procedures can yield insights and provide the basis for targeted interventions, which are seen as having the greatest utility. Chapter 4 provides an overview of targeted interventions, with the next three chapters addressing each in detail alcohol-impaired driving, public disorder, and drinking among young people. The next chapter (Chapter 8) drawing upon these examples, presents an approach to assessment and policy development. The concluding chapter turns to the importance of building strategic partnerships, while exploring potential conflicts of interest._Drinking in Context: Patterns, Interventions, and Partnerships_250

Teret SP; Michaelis AP. Litigating for Native American health: The liability of alcoholic beverage makers and distributors. Journal of Public Health Policy 26(2): 246-259, 2005. (20 refs.)

Native American populations have long experienced excess morbidity and mortality attributable to alcohol. Historically, alcohol was introduced to the Native American population by European settlers, and was used to help those settlers get land and goods from the Indian population. In modern times, alcohol beverage makers and distributors continue to supply and market their products to Native American populations in amounts and manners that contribute to continuing health and safety problems. When some other products have been over-supplied or over-promoted to the detriment of the public's health, litigation has been brought against the makers or dealers of those products, sometimes using the legal theory of public nuisance. This article explores the potential for litigation brought by Native Americans against alcoholic beverage makers and distributors.

Terry-McElrath YN; Harwood EM; Wagenaar AC; Slater S; Chaloupka FJ; Brewer RD et al. Point-of-purchase alcohol marketing and promotion by store type. United States, 2000-2001. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(14): 310-313, 2003. (10 refs.)

Alcohol consumption is the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States, accounting for approximately 100,000 deaths annually. Recent studies have focused on alcohol marketing as a potentially important contributor to alcohol consumption, particularly among underage drinkers (3). Point-of-purchase (POP) (i.e., on-site) marketing, including alcohol advertising and placement, can increase alcohol sales and consumption substantially, thereby increasing the risk for various alcohol-related health outcomes, including alcohol-impaired driving and interpersonal violence (5--7). To assess the type and frequency of POP alcohol marketing. This report summarizes the results of a study that collected and analyzed store observation data during 2000-2001 from 3,961 alcohol retailers in 329 communities throughout the United States. The data suggest that point of purchase marketing is extensive in certain story types frequented by teenagers and young adults. In each alcohol retail establishment, field staff observed the presence of various POP alcohol marketing characteristics in a standardized manner, including 1) exterior and interior advertisements for alcoholic beverages and the intensity of such advertising, 2) alcohol beverage control signage (e.g., health warnings), 3) alcohol-branded functional objects provided free to retailers (e.g., counter change mats with an alcohol company logo), 4) beer placement (e.g., single cans or bottles chilled in buckets near checkout locations) or not chilled on shelf), and 5) the presence of low-height advertisements (i.e., advertisements placed within 3.5 feet of the floor, in the sight line of children and adolescents as opposed to adults). The majority of stores (94%) had some form of POP alcohol marketing (i.e., store exterior, store interior, and/or parking lot or other property advertising and/or alcohol-branded functional objects). Exterior alcohol advertisements were observed in 39% of stores ; 27% of stores had high-intensity exterior advertising�. Compared with supermarkets, liquor stores (odds ratio [OR] = 176.8), convenience stores (OR = 48.2), convenience/gas stores (OR = 42.3), small grocery stores (OR = 24.5), and drug stores/pharmacies (OR = 15.5) were more likely to have high-intensity exterior alcohol advertising. Interior alcohol advertisements were observed in 92% of stores, and 37% of stores had high-intensity interior advertising_. Liquor stores (OR = 18.5), convenience/gas stores (OR = 4.8), convenience stores (OR = 3.9), and small grocery stores (OR = 3.5) were more likely than supermarkets to have high-intensity interior advertisements. Low-height advertisements were found in 44% of stores. Low-height advertising was more common in liquor stores (OR = 5.1) and in convenience/gas stores (OR = 2.2) than in supermarkets. Less than half (48%) of the stores in the sample had alcohol control or counter-alcohol signage, with no statistically significant differences by store type. Approximately half (51%) of the stores provided at least one alcohol-branded functional object. These objects were more likely to be in liquor stores (OR = 4.2), convenience stores (OR = 1.8), and small grocery stores (OR = 2.0) than in supermarkets . Among all types of stores, beer was located most commonly in coolers (96%), in floor displays (44%), on shelves (23%), and as singles in ice buckets (16%). Single beers in ice buckets, located most often near checkout locations, were most likely to be found in convenience stores (27%), convenience/gas stores (18%), and small grocery stores (27%). Shelf displays of beer were most common in supermarkets (47%) and drug stores (43%); 1% of stores placed beer behind a counter or in a closed or locked cabinet. This is significant because POP marketing can increase total beer sales by as much as 17% and influences consumer purchase behavior, with 70% of a buyer's purchasing choice occurring after the buyer enters the retail establishment. Persons aged 21--27 years are more likely to purchase beer in convenience stores and liquor stores than in supermarkets and drug stores, and 75% of teenagers shop at convenience or convenience/gas stores weekly. Therefore, aggressive POP marketing in convenience and liquor stores might influence young adults, underage persons, and adolescents disproportionately. These age groups also have the highest rates of binge drinking and alcohol-impaired driving (1). The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, the communities and retail stores included in this study might not be representative of all communities and stores in the United States. Second, although retailer selection was random, no effort was made to ensure that the various store types were represented proportionally. Few POP alcohol marketing guidelines exist. Given the efficacy and widespread use of POP alcohol marketing, policy makers and public health agencies should work with liquor control boards to curb sales practices that could either increase risky drinking (e.g., selling iced single beers, particularly near checkout counters, which might increase drinking and driving) or promote drinking among young adults, adolescents, and children (e.g., high-intensity or low-height advertising).

Public Domain

Ulstein A. Lunch with the industry. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 21(English Supplement): 138-148, 2004. (24 refs.)

Commercial interests are gaining greater influence in the international alcohol policy field. This is one of four articles analyzing and discussing how the conflicting interest between the public health position are the industry are evident. This article addresses the inherent problems in "collaborative" efforts with the beverage industry groups. Some actions taken by public bodies are noted. For example, the European Parliament approved in 2001 a report and alcohol and young people, with 445 members of the Parliament in favor and 63 against, that described the beverage industry as part of the problem not the solution. There are conflicts on interest for the beverage industry just as there are for the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries. The beverage industry groups are the International Center for Alcohol Policies (ICAP) at the global level, the Amsterdam Group in Europe and the Portman Group in Great Britain. These groups are extensively involved in lobby politicians and governmental bodies. Illustrative examples of their efforts are provided. In conclusion the author makes recommendations about conditions that need to prevail if working with the beverage industry. These highlight the need for transparency, assurance that the groups not use any joint activities for PR purposes, and that discussions/negotiations should only take place under the auspices of government or international organizations such as the EU or WHO.

Umesao T. Alcoholic beverages and civilization. Keynote address. IN: Umesao T; Yoshida S; Schalow P, eds. Japanese Civilization in the Modern World. XVIII, Alcoholic Beverages. Senri Ethnological Studies no. 64. Osaka Japan: National Museum of Ethnology (Japan), 2003. pp. 1-16. (12 refs.)

This chapter provides an overview of the topic of alcohol consumption, by briefly reviewing the use of alcohol from the earliest records globally and the production of different types of beverages. In Japan, while sake had been used ritually for the preceding 500 years, it was first produced commercially, and taxed in the 15th century. The ultimate growth of this industry was tied to technology, but not the technology of distillation, but the nature of the containers used for both production and transportation. There is also discussion of the philosophy of abstinence, and prohibitionist movements, alcohol naive areas, and Japan's experience in contrast to other areas. The emergence of drinking establishments is also traced, with particular attention to Japan and China.

Whitman DC. Strange Brew: Alcohol and Government Monopoly. Oakland CA: Independent Institute, 2003. (53 refs.)

Although Prohibition ended seventy years ago, the alcohol beverage industry remains one of the most regulated businesses in the United States. The 21st amendment while rescinding prohibition, nonetheless set the stage for extensive state intervention in the production and sales. At the state level, the major approaches involve either monopoly control, in which the established liquor stores, and thus is the retailer of alcohol. Other states, have a license approach, in which private stores need a state license to be allowed to sell liquor and wine. In all states, beer is sold in the private sector. This book examines the complicated structure of the alcohol sales system, the nature of taxes and costs imposed at different points, the impact of monopoly protection, and the purported "beneficial" impact in reducing alcohol problems. Also noted in the discussion is the impact of alcohol sales on the internet.

Winter MV; Donovan RJ; Fielder LJ. Exposure of children and adolescents to alcohol advertising on television in Australia. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 69(5): 676-683, 2008. (59 refs.)

Objective: This article reports the extent to which children (0-12 years) and teenagers below the legal drinking age in Australia ( 1317 years) were exposed to alcohol advertising on free-to-air television in Sydney, Australia, during the period from March 2005 to February 2006. Method: Exposure levels were obtained from weekly Target Audience Rating Points (TARPs) data generated by OzTAM, the official Australian television audience monitoring system. (The TARPs figure for an advertisement is calculated based on the number of individuals from a target audience [e.g., 13- to 17-year-olds] exposed to the ad as a proportion of the total number of individuals within the target audience, multiplied by 100). Exposure levels were obtained for four age groups-up to 12 years, 13-17 years, 18-24 years, and 25 years and older-for 156 different ads for 50 brands. Results: Adults 25 years and older were most exposed to alcohol advertising: approximately 660 TARPs per week. The level to which underage teenagers (13-17 years) were exposed to alcohol advertising was virtually identical to that of young adults (18-24 years): 426 TARPs per week vs 429 TARPs per week. Children (0-12 years) were exposed to approximately one in every three alcohol ads seen on average by mature adults (ages 25 years and older). Conclusions: This study found that Australian children and teenagers below the legal drinking age currently are exposed to unacceptably high levels of alcohol advertising on television. These findings suggest that alcohol marketers may be deliberately targeting underage adolescents. At the very least the findings highlight the need for action to be taken to reduce levels to which underage Australians are exposed to alcohol advertising on television.

Yoshida H. Transfer of sake technology to Korea, Taiwan and China. IN: Umesao T; Yoshida S; Schalow P, eds. Japanese Civilization in the Modern World. XVIII, Alcoholic Beverages. Senri Ethnological Studies no. 64. Osaka Japan: National Museum of Ethnology (Japan), 2003. pp. 35-48. (12 refs.)

This chapter reviews the transfer of the technology to produce sake from Japan to other countries. In Japan sake has long been mass produced. it was the largest industry at the beginning of the Meiji era. In the later part of the 19th century, other Asian countries had not yet begun to mass produce alcohol. In many places production was a side business of a drinking establishment. This chapter deals with the production of sake in Taiwan and the Korean peninsula, territories of Japan from the Meiji era to the end of the Second World War, and In Manchuria, currently the North-eastern region of China, then a quasi-colony of Japan. The author considers how Japanese sake was accepted in those regions. It also considers the sake's impact on the alcohol beverage industry in China, and the role played by taxation of alcoholic beverages in the finances of the colonies.